Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Article

Prognostic significance of viable tumor size measurement in hepatocellular carcinomas after preoperative locoregional treatment: Yoon Jung Hwang, Youngeun Lee, Hyunjin Park, Yangkyu Lee, Kyoungbun Lee, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(5):338-348. Published online September 2, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.07.26

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Background
Preoperative locoregional treatment (LRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often induces intratumoral necrosis without affecting the overall tumor size, and residual viable tumor size (VTS) on imaging is an important clinical parameter for assessing post-treatment response. However, for surgical specimens, it is unclear whether the VTS would be more relevant to prognosis compared to total tumor size (TTS).
Methods
A total of 142 surgically resected solitary HCC cases were retrospectively reviewed. The TTS and VTS were assessed by applying the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors method to the resected specimens, and correlated with the clinicopathological features and survival.
Results
As applying VTS, 13/142 cases (9.2%) were down-staged to ypT1a. Although the survival analysis results for overall survival according to TTS or VTS were similar, VTS was superior to predict disease-free survival (DFS; p = .023) compared to TTS (p = .08). In addition, multivariate analysis demonstrated VTS > 2 cm to be an independent predictive factor for decreased DFS (p = .001). In the subpopulation of patients with LRT (n = 54), DFS in HCCs with TTS or VTS > 2 cm were significantly shorter than those with TTS or VTS ≤ 2 cm (p = .047 and p = .001, respectively). Interestingly, HCCs with TTS > 2 cm but down-staged to VTS ≤ 2 cm after preoperative LRT had similar survival to those with TTS ≤ 2 cm.
Conclusions
Although the prognostic impact of tumor size was similar regardless of whether TTS or VTS was applied, reporting VTS may help to increase the number of candidates for surgery in HCC patients with preoperative LRT.

Citations

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Construction and validation of a novel signature based on epithelial-mesenchymal transition–related genes to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma by comprehensive analysis of the tumor microenvironment
Biao Gao, Yafei Wang, Shichun Lu
Functional & Integrative Genomics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cellular senescence affects energy metabolism, immune infiltration and immunotherapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma
Biao Gao, Yafei Wang, Shichun Lu
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief Case Report

Multiple hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A)-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas arising in a background of congenital hepatic fibrosis: Yangkyu Lee, Hyunjin Park, Kyoungbun Lee, Youngeun Lee, Kiryang Lee, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(2):154-158. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.11.12

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Citations

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Hepatocellular adenoma: what we know, what we do not know, and why it matters
Paulette Bioulac‐Sage, Annette S H Gouw, Charles Balabaud, Christine Sempoux
Histopathology.2022; 80(6): 878. CrossRef
Hepatocellular adenomas: recent updates
Haeryoung Kim, Young Nyun Park
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2021; 55(3): 171. CrossRef

Original Articles

Prediction of TP53 mutations by p53 immunohistochemistry and their prognostic significance in gastric cancer: Hye Jung Hwang, Soo Kyung Nam, Hyunjin Park, Yujun Park, Jiwon Koh, Hee Young Na, Yoonjin Kwak, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):378-386. Published online July 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.01

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Recently, molecular classifications of gastric cancer (GC) have been proposed that include TP53 mutations and their functional activity. We aimed to demonstrate the correlation between p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and TP53 mutations as well as their clinicopathological significance in GC.
Methods
Deep targeted sequencing was performed using surgical or biopsy specimens from 120 patients with GC. IHC for p53 was performed and interpreted as strong, weak, or negative expression. In 18 cases (15.0%) with discrepant TP53 mutation and p53 IHC results, p53 IHC was repeated.
Results
Strong expression of p53 was associated with TP53 missense mutations, negative expression with other types of mutations, and weak expression with wild-type TP53 (p<.001). The sensitivity for each category was 90.9%, 79.0%, and 80.9%, and the specificity was 95.4%, 88.1%, and 92.3%, respectively. The TNM stage at initial diagnosis exhibited a significant correlation with both TP53 mutation type (p=.004) and p53 expression status (p=.029). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for 109 stage II and III GC cases showed that patients with TP53 missense mutations had worse overall survival than those in the wild-type and other mutation groups (p=.028). Strong expression of p53 was also associated with worse overall survival in comparison to negative and weak expression (p=.035).
Conclusions
Results of IHC of the p53 protein may be used as a simple surrogate marker of TP53 mutations. However, negative expression of p53 and other types of mutations of TP53 should be carefully interpreted because of its lower sensitivity and different prognostic implications.

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The Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of the Gross Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Yangkyu Lee, Hyunjin Park, Hyejung Lee, Jai Young Cho, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Young-Rok Choi, Ho-Seong Han, Eun Sun Jang, Jin-Wook Kim, Sook-Hyang Jeong, Soomin Ahn, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(2):85-92. Published online November 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.11.13

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Abstract PDF

Background
We aimed to determine the clinicopathological significance of the gross classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) guidelines.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on 242 cases of consecutively resected solitary primary HCC between 2003 and 2012 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The gross classification (vaguely nodular [VN], expanding nodular [EN], multinodular confluent [MC], nodular with perinodular extension [NP], and infiltrative [INF]) was reviewed for all cases, and were correlated with various clinicopathological features and the expression status of “stemness”-related (cytokeratin 19 [CK19], epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM]), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [uPAR] and Ezrin) markers.
Results
Significant differences were seen in overall survival (p=.015) and disease-free survival (p = .034) according to the gross classification; INF type showed the worst prognosis while VN and EN types were more favorable. When the gross types were simplified into two groups, type 2 HCCs (MC/NP/INF) were more frequently larger and poorly differentiated, and showed more frequent microvascular and portal venous invasion, intratumoral fibrous stroma and higher pT stages compared to type 1 HCCs (EN/VN) (p<.05, all). CK19, EpCAM, uPAR, and ezrin expression was more frequently seen in type 2 HCCs (p<.05, all). Gross classification was an independent predictor of both overall and disease-free survival by multivariate analysis (overall survival: p=.030; hazard ratio, 4.118; 95% confidence interval, 1.142 to 14.844; disease-free survival: p=.016; hazard ratio, 1.617; 95% confidence interval, 1.092 to 2.394).
Conclusions
The gross classification of HCC had significant prognostic value and type 2 HCCs were associated with clinicopathological features of aggressive behavior, increased expression of “stemness”- and EMT-related markers, and decreased survival.

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Association between tumor morphology and efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
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Hepatology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Macroscopic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Underexploited Source of Prognostic Factors
Stéphanie Gonvers, Sebastiao Martins-Filho, André Hirayama, Julien Calderaro, Rebecca Phillips, Emilie Uldry, Nicolas Demartines, Emmanuel Melloul, Young Nyun Park, Valérie Paradis, Swan Thung, Venancio Alves, Christine Sempoux, Ismail Labgaa
Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2024; Volume 11: 707. CrossRef
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease versus hepatitis B infection
Jungnam Lee, Jong-In Chang, Young-Joo Jin, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Ju Yeon Kim, Dong Hyun Sinn, Soon Sun Kim, Hyun Woong Lee, Sun Hong Yoo, Jung Hwan Yu, Jin-Woo Lee
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Comprehensive investigating of MMR gene in hepatocellular carcinoma with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Han Chinese population
Ning Ma, Ao Jin, Yitong Sun, Yiyao Jin, Yucheng Sun, Qian Xiao, XuanYi Sha, Fengxue Yu, Lei Yang, Wenxuan Liu, Xia Gao, Xiaolin Zhang, Lu Li
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Prognostic significance of viable tumor size measurement in hepatocellular carcinomas after preoperative locoregional treatment
Yoon Jung Hwang, Youngeun Lee, Hyunjin Park, Yangkyu Lee, Kyoungbun Lee, Haeryoung Kim
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2021; 55(5): 338. CrossRef
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SALL4 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinomas Is Associated with EpCAM-Positivity and a Poor Prognosis: Hyunjin Park, Hyejung Lee, An Na Seo, Jai Young Cho, Young Rok Choi, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Ho-Seong Han, Young Nyun Park, Haeryoung Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(5):373-381. Published online August 10, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.09

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Abstract PDF

Background
There is increasing interest in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) expressing “stemness”-related markers, as they have been associated with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a recently proposed candidate marker of “stemness.” Methods: Immunohistochemical stains were performed for SALL4, K19, and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tissue microarrays constructed from 190 surgically resected HCCs, and the results were correlated with the clinicopathological features and patient survival data. Results: Nuclear SALL4 expression was observed in 39/190 HCCs (20.5%), while K19 and EpCAM were expressed in 30 (15.9%) and 92 (48.7%) HCCs, respectively. The nuclear expression was generally weak, punctate or clumped. SALL4 expression was significantly associated with a poor overall survival compared to SALL4-negative HCCs (p = .014) compared to SALL4-negative HCCs. On multivariate analysis adjusted for tumor size, multiplicity, vascular invasion, and pathological tumor stage, SALL4 remained as a significant independent predictor of decreased overall survival (p= .004). SALL4 expression was positively correlated with EpCAM expression (p = .013) but not with K19 expression. HCCs that expressed both SALL4 and EpCAM were associated with significantly decreased overall survival, compared to those cases which were negative for both of these markers (p = .031). Conclusions: Although SALL4 expression was not significantly correlated with other clinicopathological parameters suggestive of tumor aggressiveness, SALL4 expression was an independent predictor of poor overall survival in human HCCs, and was also positively correlated with EpCAM expression.

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